It relates to eco-efficiency (doing more with less) as originally defined by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Factor 10 / Factor X means doubling living standards while cutting resources (materials and energy) by 80 percent, leading to a factor 10 improvement in efficiency (2x5=10)
Alternatively, practices that are just as productive while using only 10% of the resources also qualify.
This is an escalated challenge from the concept introduced in the 1998 book, Factor 4, written by L. Hunter Lovins and Amory Lovins of the Rocky Mountain Institute, and Ernst von Weizsäcker, founder of the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment & Energy. The book explains how relatively easy it is for businesses to achieve Factor 4 results (the goal of being twice as productive with half the resources) with existing technologies. It has many examples of real-world projects that save money and reduce pollution simultaneously.
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